EDDIE JONES INSISTS England are suffering from the drop in aggression that is evident across rugby and football due to the absence of spectators at grounds.

Owen Farrell’s side opened their Guinness Six Nations title defence with a dismal defeat to Scotland before returning to Twickenham a week later to comfortably dispatch Italy without hitting top gear.

Jones has promised England will improve again for their round-three appointment with Wales, but in the meantime he has been examining a study into Austrian Bundesliga team Red Bull Salzburg showing the impact of playing behind closed doors.

The research demonstrates that a fifth fewer “emotional situations” take place when stadiums are empty of fans, meaning a reduction in on-field arguments and flashpoints. Jones insists the trend is especially impactful on rugby.

“Most teams are a bit up and down at the moment. The arousal level is the thing we are looking at most,” said Jones.

“Games are tending to be less aggressive generally in rugby and it has been the same in football.

“There is research that shows the arousal level has dropped and that the type of play and the type of behaviour has been less aggressive. In our sport that is a particularly important area.

“We have tried to investigate that. We don’t have any solutions at the moment but that is the thing we are looking at most.

“If you look at our first performance against Scotland, we lacked our normal aggression, we lacked our normal go-at-them type of game. We were a little bit better against Italy, but still not where we need to be.

“If I look at Liverpool, who are an aggressive team, they are really at their best when they are pressing hard and they attack hard and their whole crowd is aggressive.

“It is never as straightforward as one thing, but I think that is definitely an issue at the moment. We saw a bit of it in the autumn and are starting to see more now.”

Among the players to suffer amid England’s sluggish start to the Championship is Farrell, the Saracens playmaker who is struggling to stamp his authority on games amid an ongoing decline in form.

Farrell’s place is not under threat, but Jones accepts his captain is off-key with the reasons for his slump hard to unravel.

“There have been very few players in our team who have been at their best. I think Owen isn’t one of those,” Jones said.

“He knows that and he’s working very hard to get his game back to the standard that he wants and we want. There’s no doubt he’ll get back there.

“There could be something going on at home, there could be something going on at his club that’s affecting him, we don’t know.

“He’s not at his best at the moment and we’re working really hard to make sure he gets to his best.”

One player who will play no further part in the Six Nations is Jack Willis, who is facing a lengthy spell in rehabilitation after suffering extensive knee damage when he was cleared out of a ruck by Italy on Saturday.

Jones has urged the wasps turnover specialist to look to World Cup winner Richard Hill for inspiration.

“There’s no reason why he can’t come back bigger and better than he is now. These sorts of significant injuries, particularly when you get two of them, are a real test of your resilience, your mental resilience,” Jones said.

“He’s got a great example on our staff in Richard Hill, who had to have multiple knee operations and kept coming back better.”